#include <vector>

/// Disjoint set trait
class DisjointSet
{
public:
    std::vector<int> ds;

    DisjointSet(int n)
    {
        ds = std::vector<int>(n, -1);
    }

    virtual int root(int a)
    {
        return ds[a] < 0 ? a : ds[a] = root(ds[a]);
    }

    virtual bool merge(int u, int v)
    {
        u = root(u), v = root(v);

        if (u == v)
            return false;

        if (ds[u] < ds[v])
            std::swap(u, v);

        ds[v] += ds[u];
        ds[u] = v;

        return true;
    }

    virtual int size(int a)
    {
        return -ds[root(a)];
    }

    virtual void undo()
    {
        throw "Abstract method";
    }
};

class DisjointSetWithUndo : public DisjointSet
{
    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> history;

public:
    DisjointSetWithUndo(int n) : DisjointSet(n)
    {
        history = std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>();
    }

    bool merge(int u, int v) override
    {
        history.push_back({u, ds[u]});
        history.push_back({v, ds[v]});
        return DisjointSet::merge(u, v);
    }

    void undo() override
    {
        int u, val;
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
        {
            std::tie(u, val) = history.back();
            history.pop_back();
            ds[u] = val;
        }
    }
};

/// Disjoint set builder
class DisjointSetBuilder
{
    bool has_undo;

public:
    DisjointSetBuilder() : has_undo(false)
    {
    }

    DisjointSetBuilder *with_undo()
    {
        has_undo = true;
        return this;
    }

    DisjointSet *init(int size)
    {
        if (has_undo)
        {
            return new DisjointSetWithUndo(size);
        }
        else
        {
            return new DisjointSet(size);
        }
    }
};

DisjointSetBuilder *disjoint_set()
{
    return new DisjointSetBuilder();
}